During the Middle Ages, the clown and the performing freak were essentially one and the same. The jesters and fools who entertained in the royal courts of Europe were usually attired in flamboyant and garish costumes and makeup, and were often physically deformed in some way, which I guess only added to the “hilarity.” After that, however, the two began to tear themselves apart, with the frolicking prankster in the funny outfit and facepaint heading one way, the human oddity heading the other. The split was cemented in the late 1700s when Joseph Grimaldi, a hugely popular entertainer in his day, gave us the first modern circus clown as we’ve come to know them. Novelist Victor Hugo returned to a point just prior to that transitional split in his 1869 novel, L’Homme Qui Rit, or The Man Who Laughs. At the time, Hugo was living in exile on the Channel Islands after certain humorless French aristocrats took umbrage at the way they were portrayed in a couple of his earlier, highly politicized novels like Les Miserables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Clearly with an axe to grind, Hugo sat down and wrote another dark political melodrama about aristocratic skullduggery, betrayal, murder, revenge, corruption, and rightful heirs wronged, with a few good-hearted commoners and a sweet love story tossed in for contrast. And of course the whole thing ends in suicide. Without getting into all the turgid and convoluted mechanics of the plot, in a nutshell, in the mid-1600s, the wicked King James II of France has a political rival murdered and orders the man’s young son to have his mouth carved into a permanently leering grin (for the record, this was not an unheard of practice at the time, though it would only really come into vogue among British gangsters of the ’30s and ‘40s). Abandoned to wander on his own, the disfigured young boy, Gwynplaine, stumbles across an orphaned infant blind girl in the snow, the two are adopted by the manager of a small traveling carnival, and Gwynplaine, knowing nothing of his own background, eventually becomes a hugely popular sideshow attraction. Billed as The Man Who Laughs, Gwynplaine’s half clown/half freak act finds him capering merrily about the stage for a bit with the lower part of his face covered, before finally revealing his horrifying permanent grin to the audience. Inevitably, the growing crowds he attracts respond with shock and uproarious laughter. In that way, it could be argued the story was an early glimpse into the pain and horror and cruelty that lay at the heart of all clowndom. read more – It Chapter Two: The History of Pennywise Explained Meanwhile Dea, the blind girl, turns out to be quite beautiful, and better still one of those beautiful blind girls with a soft spot for kind-hearted disfigured freaks. The two fall in love, of course, and after that things just get ridiculously complex. Among other things, a noblewoman harboring a certain sexual fetish decides to adopt Gwynplaine as her own personal plaything, Gwynplaine’s past is revealed, and he ascends to his rightful spot as a nobleman, grotesque grin and all. He immediately begins lecturing his new colleagues about the sad plight of the underclass, and everything goes to hell, closing with one unexpected super bummer of an ending. It would go on to become Hugo’s least popular novel. It didn’t matter. By the early ‘20s, The Man Who Laughs had already been turned into a stage play and two films—the first out of France, the second Germany. In 1924, noting the crazy success of their adaptation of Hugo’s The Hunchback of Notre Dame the previous year, Universal executives thought The Man Who Laughs had all the makings of another dandy Lon Chaney vehicle. I mean, he could whip up that “grinning Man” makeup in a snap, right? So a contract was drawn up and Chaney signed. Only problem was, right about then Universal realized they’d never exactly bothered to obtain the rights to the book. The deal fell through and Chaney went on to make The Phantom of the Opera instead. Then, ironically enough, he moved to the newly-founded MGM, where his vengeful clown melodrama, He Who Gets Slapped, would become the first film shot on the studio’s new soundstage. Three years later in 1927, Universal finally got their act together, obtained the rights to the book, and, since Chaney was no longer available, brought in Paul Leni to direct and Conrad Veidt to star as Gwynplaine. It was a good move all around. Both were veterans of the German Expressionist cinema, with Veidt having made such a splash as the murderous somnambulist in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, and Leni having already worked with Veidt on the memorable Expressionist mystery Waxworks. With a director and star in place, Universal, again noting the hits they’d had with their big budget Hunchback of Notre Dame and Phantom of the Opera extravaganzas, pulled out all the stops, budgeting the film at an almost unheard of $1 million. Along with peppering the rest of the large cast with silent-era stalwarts, the same man who’d designed Phantom’s sets was brought in to push the Expressionism even further for The Man Who Laughs, and newly-arrived makeup chief Jack Pierce was given carte blanche to go nuts designing the Gwynplaine makeup. Crafting a set of snaggly, misshapen false teeth equipped with hidden hooks to pull the corners of Veidt’s mouth back into a tortured grin and applying a light green makeup that would give his face an inhuman pallor, Pierce took more than a few cues from Chaney’s own Phantom makeup, but we’ll let it slide.
further reading – Creepy Clowns are Nothing New: A Brief but Disturbing History Accentuating that impression was the soundtrack. The Man Who Laughs was originally released completely silent, with a score provided by each theater’s in-house pianist. The film was enough of a hit that Universal pulled it momentarily and, using the Movietone sound-on-film process, provided it with a synched musical score built around the song “When Love Comes Stealing.” Beyond that, and at Leni’s direction, Gwynplaine’s performances throughout the film are punctuated on the soundtrack by the sound of a large crowd laughing, cheering, and applauding. The same effect was used in Chaney’s He Who Gets Slapped. So in the earlier film we hear an audience cackling at a performer’s internal anguish, and in the latter we hear them cackling at the results of horrific torture inflicted on a child. In both instances it’s deeply unsettling, and in both cases it was wholly intentional. Cited by numerous critics and historians as one of the last great examples of true German Expressionist filmmaking, The Man Who Laughs is not as well remembered today as it should be, apart from Jack Pierce’s enduring makeup effects (that closeup on Veidt’s face found its way into every last book about horror movies I read as a kid). Still, its profound influence is inescapable. Even more directly than Caligari, Leni’s film helped define the lighting, set design, and overall atmosphere of not only the straight horror films Universal would begin producing just a couple years later, but also the noir films two decades down the line. Interestingly, Lon Chaney was originally slated to star in The Man Who Laughs. At the time he was in the midst of a 10 film run with director Tod Browning. Thanks in no small part to those films, like The Unknown and The Penalty, Universal tapped Browning to direct Dracula in 1931, a film whose visual style would be directly influenced by The Man Who Laughs. And after Dracula Browning went on to make Freaks, which brings us back around to the clown/sideshow freak connection. Anyway, then there’s Gwynplaine himself, and Pierce’s makeup. Bill Finger and Bob Kane never made any bones about the fact the design for The Joker was lifted pretty much directly from The Man Who Laughs, which right there should earn the picture a spot in the film library of any Batman completist. And though a few well-meaning souls have tried to argue he was likewise the inspiration for the grinning logo of Coney Island’s Steeplechase Park (later adopted as the unofficial mascot of Coney itself), Funny Face, as he’s known, was first introduced in 1897, so there goes that silly theory. Whether or not Funny Face may have been an inspiration for Jack Pierce, however, remains unclear. read more: Joker Movie Review The Man Who Laughs was the third cinematic stab at Hugo’s unpopular novel, which has been re-adapted for both stage and screen at least half a dozen times since, most memorably in my book as William Castle’s 1961 shocker Mr. Sardonicus, with Ronald Lewis and Audrey Dalton. And still another loose adaptation came out of France in 2012, starring Gérard Depardieu. As a final ironic note, although completed in 1927, The Man Who Laughs was not released until 1928. That same year, Chaney starred in Laugh, Clown, Laugh, still another melodrama about emotionally disturbed harlequins, as well as one of the first cinematic expressions of clown-on-clown violence. The title song to the Chaney film turned out to be far more popular than “When Love Comes Stealing.”
